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Emerging money laundering and terrorist financing threats related to the use of decentralised finance (2026)

Terrorism
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This study provides financial intelligence units and law enforcement authorities with a clear understanding of decentralised finance, its associated ML/TF risks, and the operational challenges it creates. It offers practical tools and resources for analysing and investigating DeFi-related financial flows, identifies key obstacles that may hinder effective action, and presents emerging typologies and risks. By outlining best practices and concrete recommendations – covering training, cooperation, and the use of specialised analytical tools – the study aims to strengthen the capacity of investigative and analytical services to address the rapidly evolving threats linked to this transformative financial ecosystem.

The Economic Crime and Cooperation Division (ECCD) at the Directorate General Human Rights and Rule of Law of the Council of Europe is responsible for designing and implementing technical assistance and co-operation programmes aimed at strengthening the capacities of Council of Europe member states and non-member states and jurisdictions to combat corruption, money laundering and terrorist financing, enhancing their asset recovery systems, and international cooperation.
ABBREVIATIONS 
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 
1.1. Scope 
1.2. Content 
1.3. Context 
2. DECENTRALISED FINANCE – GENERAL OVERVIEW 
2.1. Origins of the decentralised finance 
2.2. Defi architecture 
2.3. Smart contracts 
2.4. Decentralised applications 
2.5. Tokens 
2.6. Governance 
2.7. Use cases of DeFi 
2.8. Stablecoins 
2.9. DeFi vulnerabilities 
2.10. DeFi regulatory framework 
3. AN OVERVIEW OF EMERGING THREATS 
3.1. The intersection of crime and Defi 
3.2. Defi as an opportunity 
3.3. DeFi as a target 
3.4. Defi as a perpetrator 
3.5. Defi as an intermediary 
4. TOOLS AND RESOURCES FOR INVESTIGATIONS 
4.1. Crypto analysis – step by step 
4.2. Specifics of DeFi-related investigations and analysis 
4.3. Smart contracts’ analysis 
4.4. Some useful tools and resources 
5. LIMITATIONS AND CHALLENGES 
5.1. A strengthened tough perfectible framework 
5.2. Investigations made more complex 
5.3. Expertise 
5.4. Crypto-assets’ recovery: freezing, seizing and managing 
5.5. International cooperation 
6. GOOD PRACTICES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 
6.1. Regulatory framework 
6.2. Continuous monitoring 
6.3. Education and training 
6.4. Investigating capacity 
6.5. National cooperation 
6.6. Asset seizure, recovery and management 
6.7. International cooperation 
6.8. Public-private cooperation 
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
7.1. Legal and Regulatory Texts 
7.2. Institutional reports and publications 
7.3. Academic and research 
7.4. Press and news articles 
7.5. Professional / Corporate / Technical Sources 
8. LIST OF RESOURCES AND TOOLS 
9. GLOSSARY

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