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The impact of blockchains for Human Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law (2022)

Artificial intelligence
Format : PDF PDF
181222ENG
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Prof. Florence G’sell - Prof. Florian Martin-Bariteau
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New report released by the Information Society Department of the Council of Europe.

This report explores the risks and potential benefits of blockchain technology for democracy, human rights and the rule of law.

It aims to showcase use cases and flag potential issues, as well as to provide initial recommendations to the Council of Europe for additional research and prospective programming regarding blockchain technologies.

The report highlights some of the promising features of blockchain technology and various types of implementation, from cryptocurrencies, to smart contracts, to distributed autonomous organizations (DAOs) and non-fungible tokens (NFTs).

It also presents some of the important limitations that may impede fundamental rights.
Executive Summary 
Introduction 
1. A Primer on Blockchains 
What is a blockchain? 
Cryptocurrencies 
“Smart” Contracts 
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) 
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) 
Criticism of Blockchains
2. Opportunities for Human Rights and Democracy 
Fostering Freedom Through Pseudo-Anonymity 
Benefits of Pseudo-Anonymity for Fundamental Freedoms 
Limits of Pseudo-Anonymity 
Strengthening Anonymity on Blockchain Platforms
Supporting Digital Identity
Controlling Identification: The Concept of “Self-Sovereign Identity” (SSI) 
Enabling Informational Self-Determination
Supporting Refugees and Vulnerable Populations 
Providing Identity to Refugees 
Combating Child and Human Trafficking 
Managing and Distributing Aid and Resources 
Supporting the Unbanked Population 
Supporting Labour Rights 
Adverse Effects 
Reducing Human Rights Abuses in Supply Chain 
Protecting Land Titles and Real Estate Ownership 
Supporting Voting and Democratic Transparency 
Powering Dispute Resolution and Justice Systems 
3. Legal Issues Regarding Distributed Technologies 
Personal Data Protection Concerns 
Conflict of Laws and Jurisdictions 
Smart “Contracts”
Legal Status 
Automation and Immutability
Scripting Legal Terms and Interpreting Computer Code 
Enforcement and Execution
Necessary Limits 
Legal Status of Distributed Automated Organizations 
Conclusion
Appendix—Blockchains and the European Convention on Human Rights 

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