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L’impact des blockchains sur les droits de l’homme, la démocratie et l’État de droit (2022)

Artificial intelligence
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Florence G’sell - Florian Martin-Bariteau
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Le titre du nouveau rapport publié par le Service de la société de l’information du Conseil de l’Europe. 

Le présent rapport étudie les avantages et les risques potentiels de la technologie blockchain pour la démocratie, les droits de l’homme et l’État de droit.

À partir de l’étude de plusieurs exemples d’applications fondées sur la blockchain, ce rapport formule, à l’intention du Conseil de l’Europe, une première série de recommandations relatives aux recherches devant être menées dans ce domaine à l’avenir et aux axes de réflexion devant être privilégiés.

Le rapport met en évidence les caractéristiques les plus prometteuses de la blockchain et de ses applications, telles les crypto-monnaies, les smart contracts, les organisations autonomes décentralisées (DAO) ou les jetons non fongibles (NFT).

L’étude présente aussi les limites de la technologie, qui sont non négligeables et font peser un risque d’atteinte aux droits fondamentaux.
Résumé
Introduction 
1. Éléments de base sur les blockchains 
Qu’est-ce qu’une blockchain ? 
Crypto-monnaies
Contrats « intelligents » (“smart” contracts) 
Organisations autonomes décentralisées (DAO) 
Jetons non fongibles (NFT)
Critiques suscitées par les blockchains 
2. Opportunités pour les droits de l’homme et la démocratie 
Améliorer l’exercice des libertés grâce au pseudo-anonymat 
Avantages du pseudo-anonymat pour les libertés fondamentales 
Limites du pseudo-anonymat 
Renforcer l’anonymat sur les blockchains 
Gérer des identités numériques 
Le contrôle de l’identification : la notion d’« identité autonome » (SSI)
Permettre l’autodétermination informationnelle 
Soutien aux réfugiés et aux populations vulnérables
Fournir une identité aux réfugiés 
Lutte contre la traite des êtres humains, notamment des enfants 
Gérer et distribuer les aides et les ressources 
Soutenir les personnes dépourvues de compte bancaire 
Assurer le respect des droits des travailleurs 
Limites et effets pervers du recours à la blockchain 
Lutter contre les atteintes aux droits de l’homme sur les chaînes d’approvisionnement
Protéger les titres fonciers et la propriété immobilière 
Permettre l’exercice du droit de vote et la transparence démocratique 
Fournir des solutions de règlement des litiges 
3. Questions juridiques soulevées par les technologies distribuées 
Risques en matière de protection des données personnelles 
Conflits de lois et de juridictions 
« Contrats » intelligents (smart “contracts”) 
Nature juridique 
Automatisation et immutabilité 
Encodage des termes juridiques et interprétation du code informatique 
Mise en oeuvre et exécution 
Limites nécessaires 
Nature juridique des organisations autonomes décentralisées 
Conclusion 
Annexe — Blockchain et Convention européenne des droits de l’homme 

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