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Immersive Realities – Benefits and Challenges to Freedom of Expression - Feasibility Study (2026)

Artificial intelligence

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Ref. 014426GBR

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Document

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PDF

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English

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417.16 KB

Number of pages :

59

Author(s) : Steering Committee on Media and Information Society (CDMSI), Council of Europe

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Summary
Table of contents

What if freedom of expression had to be reimagined as our lives shift toward immersive realities?

Immersive technologies – virtual, augmented, and mixed reality (XR) – are transforming how people communicate, create, and interact. Their unique features of presence, immersion, and embodiment expand the possibilities for freedom of expression, but also introduce new risks to privacy, autonomy, dignity, and democratic participation.

This Council of Europe study examines how Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights applies to expressive conduct in XR. It identifies key challenges, including content and behaviour moderation, biometric data use, symbolic and artistic expression, and the adequacy of existing legal safeguards. The study’s purpose is to assess whether new guidance or instruments are needed to ensure that freedom of expression is effectively protected as immersive realities evolve, and to inform the Council of Europe’s future standardsetting and policy work in this rapidly developing field.

1. INTRODUCTION
2. UNDERSTANDING XR TECHNOLOGIES

2.1 Key Technical Features of XR

2.2 Key Psychological Features of XR

2.3 Emerging Trends in XR

2.4 Governance Challenges in XR

3. IMPACTS OF XR ON FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

3.1 The Importance of Freedom of Expression

3.2 Opportunities for Freedom of Expression

3.4 Risks to Freedom of Expression in XR

4. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS GOVERNING XR AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

4.1 The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)

4.2 The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights

4.3 Relevant Council of Europe Guidelines and Recommendations

5. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES

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