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Criterios de verificación del estado de derecho actualizados (2026)

International law
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043526SPA
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La Comisión de Venecia del Consejo de Europa
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El principio del Estado de Derecho está consagrado en los textos jurídicos, a nivel nacional, europeo e internacional. A pesar de su frecuente uso en el debate político, el significado del Estado de Derecho no siempre está claro. Para abordar esta cuestión, en 2016 la Comisión de Venecia adoptó los Criterios de verificación del Estado de Derecho, en la que se examinan cuestiones detalladas para evaluar el grado de respeto del Estado de Derecho en un país determinado.

Diversos acontecimientos ocurridos desde 2016 han hecho que la actualización de los Criterios de verificación del Estado de Derecho sea oportuna y necesaria. Tras un amplio proceso de consulta en el que participaron una gran variedad de actores relevantes, la Comisión de Venecia adoptó sus Criterios de verificación del Estado de Derecho actualizados en Diciembre de 2025, en los que se reflejan nuevos retos surgidos desde 2016, en particular los derivados de los cambios tecnológicos, el retroceso del Estado de Derecho y la creciente influencia del sector privado. Ahora incluye nuevos criterios de referencia sobre los pesos y contrapesos y la revisión constitucional.

Los Criterios de verificación del Estado de Derecho actualizados constituyen una herramienta a disposición de todos los interesados, incluidas las organizaciones internacionales, las autoridades nacionales y la sociedad civil.
I. INTRODUCCIÓN 
A. Actualización de los criterios de verificación del Estado de derecho 
B. Últimos acontecimientos 
C. Objetivo de los Criterios de verificación
D. El Estado de derecho, los derechos humanos y la democracia 
E. Un planteamiento a varios niveles 
II. PARÁMETROS 
A. Legalidad 
1. Primacía de la ley 
2. Cumplimiento de la ley por parte de las autoridades públicas 
3. Garantías del Estado de derecho en cuanto a la actividad de los agentes privados 
4. Relación entre el derecho internacional y el derecho interno 
5. Los poderes legislativos del ejecutivo
6. Procedimiento legislativo 
7. Excepciones en situaciones de emergencia 
8. Obligación de aplicar la ley 
9. Cumplimiento de la ley y nuevas tecnologías 
B. Seguridad jurídica 
1. Accesibilidad y previsibilidad de la ley 
2. Estabilidad y coherencia de la ley
3. Seguridad jurídica en las resoluciones judiciales 
4. Principios básicos de la seguridad jurídica: confianza legítima, irretroactividad, nullum crimen et nulla poena sine lege, res judicata y ne bis in idem 
5. Seguridad jurídica y nuevas tecnologías 
C. Prevención del abuso de poder 
1. Garantías generales 
2. Garantías de procedimiento 
3. Corrupción y conflictos de intereses 
D. Mecanismos de control 
1. Mecanismos institucionales de control 
2. Garantizar el marco jurídico del espacio cívico 
E. Igualdad y no discriminación 
1. No discriminación 
2. Igualdad ante la ley 
3. Igualdad ante la ley
4. Medidas positivas 
5. Igualdad, no discriminación y nuevas tecnologías 
F. Acceso a la justicia
1. Independencia e imparcialidad del poder judicial 
2. Independencia e imparcialidad de otros agentes del proceso judicial 
3. Proceso equitativo
4. Las nuevas tecnologías en el sistema judicial 
G. Revisión constitucional 
1. Revisión constitucional 
2. Composición y nombramiento 
3. Acceso a la justicia constitucional 
4. Incidencia de las resoluciones 
H. Problemas específicos del Estado de derecho 
1. Restablecer el Estado de derecho
2. Educación jurídica y cívica 
a. Educación jurídica 
b. Formación cívica 

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