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Liste actualisée des critères de l'État de droit (2026)

International law
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Commission de Venise du Conseil de l'Europe
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Le principe de l’État de droit est consacré par les textes juridiques – au niveau national, européen ou international. Malgré son utilisation fréquente dans les débats politiques, la signification de l’État de droit reste parfois floue. Pour y remédier, la Commission de Venise a adopté en 2016 la liste des critères de l’État de droit, qui propose des questions détaillées permettant d’évaluer le degré de respect de ce principe dans chaque pays.

Diverses évolutions survenues depuis 2016 ont rendu nécessaire et opportune la mise à jour de cette liste des critères. À l’issue d’une vaste consultation auprès d’un large éventail de parties prenantes, la Commission de Venise a adopté en décembre 2015 sa liste actualisée des critères de l’État de droit, qui prend en compte les nouveaux défis apparus depuis 2016, notamment ceux liés aux mutations technologiques, au recul de l’État de droit et à l’influence croissante du secteur privé. Elle intègre désormais de nouveaux critères de référence en matière des freins et contrepoids et de contrôle de constitutionnalité.

La liste actualisée des critères de l’État de droit est un outil accessible à toutes les parties prenantes, y compris les organisations internationales, les autorités nationales et la société civile.
I. INTRODUCTION 
A. Mise à jour de la liste des critères de l’État de droit 
B. Évolutions récentes 
C. Objectif de la liste des critères
D. L'État de droit, les droits humains et la démocratie 
E. Une approche à plusieurs niveaux 
II. CRITÈRES 
A. Légalité
1. Primauté du droit 
2. Respect de la loi par les autorités publiques 
3. Garanties de l'État de droit pour la conduite des acteurs privés
4. Relation entre le droit international et le droit national 
5. Pouvoirs législatifs de l'exécutif 
6. Procédures législatives 
7. Exceptions en cas d'urgence
8. Obligation de mettre en oeuvre le droit
9. Respect du droit et nouvelles technologies 
B. Sécurité juridique
1. Accessibilité et prévisibilité de la loi 
2. Stabilité et cohérence du droit
3. Sécurité juridique dans les décisions judiciaires 
4. Principes fondamentaux de la sécurité juridique : confiance légitime, non-rétroactivité, nullum crimen et nulla poena sine lege, res judicata et ne bis in idem 
5. Sécurité juridique et nouvelles technologies 
C. Prévention des abus de pouvoir 
1. Garanties générales 
2. Garanties procédurales 
3. Corruption et conflits d'intérêts 
D. Freins et contrepoids 
1. Freins et contrepoids institutionnels 
2. Garantir le cadre juridique de l'espace civique 
E. Égalité et non-discrimination 
1. Non-discrimination 
2. Égalité dans la loi 
3. Égalité devant la loi 
4. Action positive ou affirmative
5. Égalité, non-discrimination et nouvelles technologies
F. Accès à la justice 
1. Indépendance et impartialité du pouvoir judiciaire 
2. Indépendance et impartialité des autres acteurs du processus judiciaire
3. Procès équitable 
4. Les technologies numériques au sein du système judiciaire 
G. Le contrôle de constitutionnalité 
1. Contrôle de constitutionnalité 
2. Composition et nomination 
3. Accès à la justice constitutionnelle 
4. Effets des décisions
H. Défis particuliers pour l'État de droit
1. Restauration de l'État de droit
2. Éducation juridique et civique

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