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Catalog

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La reconnaissance juridique du genre en Europe - Premier rapport d'examen thématique de la mise en oeuvre de la Recommandation CM/Rec(2010)5 (2022)

Living Together - Diversity and Freedom in Europe
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Progrès lents en matière de reconnaissance juridique du genre : des mesures supplémentaires sont nécessaires en matière de droits civils et humains

Le Conseil de l’Europe a publié un nouveau rapport portant sur les progrès réalisés par les pays européens pour garantir pleinement la reconnaissance juridique du genre (RJG) dans tous les domaines de la vie. Le rapport note des avancées du point de vue de la législation, des pratiques et des mentalités, mais les progrès sont lents et des mesures supplémentaires sont nécessaires, notamment pour « dépathologiser » la reconnaissance juridique du genre et pour garantir que les membres des familles des personnes concernées ne soient pas lésés et que l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant soit dûment pris en compte.

Il s’agit du premier rapport thématique sur la mise en œuvre de la Recommandation CM/Rec(2010)5 du Comité des Ministres aux États membres sur des mesures visant à combattre la discrimination fondée sur l’orientation sexuelle ou l’identité de genre, portant sur le volet spécifique de cette Recommandation relatif à la RJG. Si le soutien aux droits des personnes LGBTI, y compris le concept de reconnaissance juridique du genre, s’ancre fermement en Europe, le rapport montre qu’il existe des différences substantielles entre les pays. Trente-huit États membres du Conseil de l’Europe disposent d’une procédure juridique ou administrative pour assurer la reconnaissance juridique du genre et neuf d’entre eux se sont dotés d’un système d’autodétermination. Toutefois, certains pays n’ont pas mis en place de procédure claire et d’autres sont revenus sur la protection existante en rendant la RJG impossible. Pour certaines personnes transgenres, intersexes et de genre variant, cela signifie que leurs documents officiels ne reflètent pas leur identité de genre, ce qui les rend plus vulnérables à la discrimination et à la violence. Un autre problème concerne l’opposition croissante aux droits fondamentaux des personnes transgenres dans certains pays, accompagnée d’un manque d’information publique sur leur situation.

Le rapport formule également quelques recommandations générales. La législation sur l’égalité de traitement devrait s’accompagner de politiques de mise en œuvre appropriées et de contrôles réguliers. Les États membres qui n’ont pas actuellement de législation anti-discrimination protégeant spécifiquement l’identité de genre devraient œuvrer à son adoption. Les motivations liées à l’identité de genre ou aux caractéristiques sexuelles de la victime devraient être considérées comme des « circonstances aggravantes ».

Le rapport a été préparé par un groupe de travail mis en place par le Comité directeur du Conseil de l’Europe sur l’anti-discrimination, la diversité et l’inclusion (CDADI), avec le soutien de l’unité Orientation sexuelle et identité de genre (OSIG). Le prochain rapport thématique, dont la publication est prévue en 2023, devrait porter sur les crimes de haine visant les personnes LGBTI.
INTRODUCTION 
CHAPITRE I – OBSERVATIONS PRINCIPALES 
1. Opinion publique et tendances législatives 
2. Les discours anti-transgenres 
3. Évolution du raisonnement juridique international 
4. État du droit national sur la reconnaissance juridique du genre dans les États membres du Conseil de l’Europe 
CHAPITRE II – BONNES PRATIQUES 
1. Autodétermination 
2. Limites d’âge 
3. Coût et durée de la procédure de RJG 
CHAPITRE III – REMARQUES CONCLUSIVES: POINTS POUR DISCUSSION SUR LA RJG DANS LES ÉTATS MEMBRES DU CONSEIL DE L’EUROPE 
1. Rompre avec la pathologisation héritée du passé 
2. Supprimer l’obligation de divorce 
3. Donner aux mineurs l’accès à la RJG fondée sur l’autodétermination 
4. Élargir la RJG aux personnes non binaires/de genre variant 
5. Rendre la RJG accessible aux non-ressortissants résidant dans le pays 
6. Adopter une approche globale de la RJG et de sa mise en oeuvre 
CHAPITRE IV – RECOMMANDATIONS 
Recommandations générales : 
Recommandations spécifiques sur la reconnaissance juridique du genre : 
ANNEXE: TERMES CLÉS ET ABRÉVIATIONS 
Termes clés 
Abréviations