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Report on factors driving violent extremism leading to terrorism (2026)

Terrorism
Format : PDF PDF
007126GBR
Type of document :
Report
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Language :
English
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Number of pages :
41
Paul Gill, Zoe Marchment, Caitlin Clemmow
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Violent extremism is a threat to peace, democracy and human rights; it must not only be combated, but also, and above all, prevented

For over 40 years, the Council of Europe has worked to develop and reinforce key legal standards to prevent and suppress acts of terrorism. By taking a comprehensive approach, the Organisation helps member states fight terrorism more effectively by strengthening and improving their national legislation, thereby facilitating international co-operation. With full respect for human rights and the rule of law, the Council of Europe is continuously striving to bring terrorists to justice and bolster international co-operation.

The report synthesises the current evidence base on drivers of violent extremism and looks to identify the situational, contextual, personal, psychological and social factors most commonly associated with those who engage in terrorism.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 
INTRODUCTION 
SYSTEMIC-LEVEL DRIVERS OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM 
Governance failure and political exclusion 
Socio-economic inequality and marginalisation 
Conflict, foreign intervention and global grievances 
Cultural identity threats and social polarisation 
Digital ecosystems and technological advancements 
Social cohesion and moral norms 
SETTINGS-LEVEL DRIVERS OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM 
Cognitive mechanisms: shaping how people think and feel 
Moral mechanisms change what people believe is right or wrong 
Attachment mechanisms build emotional bonds that reinforce extremism 
Social control mechanisms weaken or replace rules and oversight 
SELECTION EFFECTS AND DRIVERS OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM 
INDIVIDUAL DRIVERS OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM 
Socio-demographic drivers 
Parallel behaviours as drivers 
Beliefs and attitudes as drivers 
Destabilising influences as drivers 
CONCLUSION 
Policy implications 
REFERENCES 
APPENDIX – INCLUDED EMPIRICAL STUDIES 
ABOUT THE AUTHORS

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