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Modération de contenu - Note d'orientation (2021)

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Meilleures pratiques en vue de la mise en place de cadres juridiques et procéduraux efficaces pour les mécanismes d'autorégulation et de corégulation de la modération de contenu (note d'orientation adoptée par le Comité directeur sur les médias et la société de l'information CDMSI)

L'internet nous a donné de nouvelles possibilités fantastiques de parler, d'être entendus et de nous organiser. En effet, il a créé une multitude de nouvelles possibilités d'exercer nos droits humains, notamment nos droits à la liberté d'expression, à la liberté de réunion, à la liberté de pensée et de religion, etc. Toutefois, sans surprise, il crée également des opportunités de diffusion de contenus ou de comportements illégaux ou potentiellement préjudiciables. Les services en ligne (tels que les plateformes de médias sociaux, où les gens publient des messages, des articles, des photos, etc.) ont la possibilité de supprimer, de rétrograder ou de décourager de toute autre manière la diffusion de contenus illégaux ou importuns, ce que l'on appelle la "modération du contenu".
La note d'orientation aborde ces questions de manière générale, à savoir comment mieux comprendre la nature des problèmes spécifiques que la modération de contenu cherche à résoudre, comment garantir une responsabilité appropriée en cas de restrictions des droits de l'homme, que signifient les concepts d'autorégulation et de corégulation, et quelles sont les caractéristiques des outils de transparence qui sont fondamentaux pour garantir que les objectifs sont fixés et atteints.
NOTE D'ORIENTATION 
INTRODUCTION 
CONSIDÉRATIONS GÉNÉRALES AUX FINS DE L’ÉLABORATION DE POLITIQUES ADÉQUATES 
DÉFINIR LE PROBLÈME 
ASSURER LA PRÉVISIBILITÉ
CONFORMITÉ EXCESSIVE ET DISCRIMINATION 
DROITS CONCERNÉS 
NATURE DE L'APPROCHE DE RÉGULATION
CARACTÉRISTIQUES DES APPROCHES CONCLUANTES ET DE CELLES QUI NE LE SONT PAS
TRANSPARENCE
EXPOSÉ DES MOTIFS 
CONCEPTS CLÉS
I INTRODUCTION
COMPRENDRE LES PROBLÈMES
QUI EST RESPONSABLE ? 
L' "AUTORÉGULATION" EST COMPRISE DIFFÉREMMENT SELON LES CONTEXTES
SUCCÈS OU ÉCHEC ?
II ÉNONCÉ DU PROBLÈME
1. PRÉVALENCE DES CONTENUS/COMPORTEMENTS IMPORTUNS OU ABUSIFS 
2. ABSENCE DE NORMALISATION DES RESTRICTIONS EN MATIÈRE DE CONTENU 
3. LA LIGNE DE DÉMARCATION ENTRE PUBLIC ET PRIVÉ 
a) Imprévisibilité des restrictions de contenu 
b) Manque de clarté sur l'équilibre des rôles et des responsabilités des États et des acteurs privés
c) Les risques de surconformité, en particulier lorsqu'elle conduit à des résultats discriminatoires 
d) Se concentrer sur des mesures limitées à la vitesse et au volume, en fonction de situations "urgentes" répétées 
e) Modérer le risque 
III DROITS AFFECTÉS 
1. LIBERTÉ D'EXPRESSION 
2. DROIT À LA VIE PRIVÉE
3. LIBERTÉ DE RÉUNION ET D'ASSOCIATION 
4. DROIT DE RECOURS
a) Pour les victimes
b) Pour les personnes dont le contenu a été injustement supprimé
c) Adéquation du droit de recours et de réparation
IV OBJECTIFS ET MOTEURS DE LA MODÉRATION DU CONTENU 
1. MODÉRATION DU CONTENU ET INTÉRÊTS COMMERCIAUX
Un contenu problématique exacerbé par les modèles économiques 
2. MODÉRATION DU CONTENU POUR DES RAISONS DE POLITIQUE PUBLIQUE
a) Un contenu qui est illégal partout, quel que soit le contexte 
b) Contenu illégal faisant partie d'un crime plus large 
c) Contenu qui ne fait pas nécessairement partie d'une infraction plus large
d) Contenu légal qui est illégal principalement en raison de son contexte 
e) Les contenus qui sont illégaux principalement en raison de leur intention
f) Contenu potentiellement préjudiciable mais pas nécessairement illégal 
g) Un contenu qui suscite des préoccupations politiques
3. CONCLUSION 
V. STRUCTURES POUR LA MODÉRATION DU CONTENU
1. AUTORÉGULATION 
2. LA CORÉGULATION
3. CARACTÉRISTIQUES COMMUNES DES APPROCHES RÉUSSIES
VI. TRANSPARENCE 
POURQUOI LA TRANSPARENCE EST ESSENTIELLE
Pour garantir que les restrictions soient nécessaires et proportionnées 
Pour garantir la non-discrimination 
Pour garantir la responsabilité des parties prenantes (comme les États)
Identification des données de transparence 
Reconnaître les incitations positives et négatives créées par les mesures de transparence 
Des signaleurs de confiance
VII. PRINCIPES CLÉS POUR UNE APPROCHE DE LA MODÉRATION DE CONTENU FONDÉE SUR LES DROITS DE L'HOMME
1. TRANSPARENCE
2. LES DROITS DE L'HOMME PAR DÉFAUT
3. IDENTIFICATION DES PROBLÈMES ET DES CIBLES
4. UNE DÉCENTRALISATION SIGNIFICATIVE
5. COMMUNICATION AVEC L'UTILISATEUR
a) Clarté et accessibilité des conditions de service
b) Clarté sur la communication avec les utilisateurs 
6. DES GARANTIES ADMINISTRATIVES DE HAUT NIVEAU
a) Un cadre juridique et opérationnel clair
b) Supervision pour assurer le respect des droits de l'homme
c) Évaluation et atténuation du "jeu" des mécanismes de plainte
d) Garantir la cohérence et l'indépendance des mécanismes de contrôle 
e) Reconnaître les défis humains de la modération du contenu
f) Garantir la protection de la vie privée et des données 
g) Réparation des victimes
7. TRAITER LES PARTICULARITÉS DE L'AUTORÉGULATION ET DE LA CORÉGULATION EN MATIÈRE DE MODÉRATION DE CONTENU

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