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Catalog

Newsletter

Content moderation - Guidance Note (2021)

Internet
Format : PDF PDF
Content_moderation_GBR
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Format :
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English
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Number of pages :
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CDMSI
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Best practices towards effective legal and procedural frameworks for self-regulatory and co-regulatory mechanisms of content moderation (Adopted by the Steering Committee for Media and Information Society - CDMSI)

The internet has given us fantastic new opportunities to speak, to be heard and to organise. Indeed, it has created a wealth of new opportunities to exercise our human rights, including our rights to freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, freedom of thought and religion and others. However, unsurprisingly, it also creates opportunities for illegal or potentially damaging content or behaviour to be spread. Online services (such as social media platforms, where people post messages, articles, pictures, and so on), have a possibility of deleting, demoting or otherwise discouraging the spread of illegal or unwelcome content that is referred to as “content moderation”.

The Guidance note looks at these issues in a broad manner, like how to develop a better understanding of the nature of the specific problems that content moderation seeks to address, how to ensure appropriate accountability for restrictions on human rights, the concepts of self- and co-regulation, and the characteristics of transparency tools that are fundamental to ensuring that goals are set and achieved.
GUIDANCE NOTE 
INTRODUCTION 
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR GOOD POLICYMAKING
DEFINING THE PROBLEM 
ENSURING PREDICTABILITY 
OVERCOMPLIANCE AND DISCRIMINATION
AFFECTED RIGHTS
NATURE OF THE REGULATORY APPROACH
CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL AND FAILED APPROACHES
TRANSPARENCY
EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM 
KEY CONCEPTS
I INTRODUCTION
UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEMS
WHOSE RESPONSIBILITY? 
“SELF-REGULATION” IS UNDERSTOOD DIFFERENTLY IN DIFFERENT CONTEXTS
SUCCESS OR FAILURE?
II PROBLEM STATEMENT
1. PREVALENCE OF UNWELCOME/ABUSIVE CONTENT/BEHAVIOUR
2. LACK OF STANDARDISATION OF CONTENT RESTRICTIONS 
3. THE LINE BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE 
a) Unpredictability of content restrictions 
b) Lack of clarity on balance of roles and responsibilities of states and private actors 
c) Dangers of over-compliance, especially when leading to discriminatory outcomes 
d) Focus on metrics restricted to speed and volume, driven by repeated “urgent” situations
e) Moderating risk
III AFFECTED RIGHTS
1. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
2. RIGHT TO PRIVACY
3. FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY AND ASSOCIATION
4. RIGHT TO REMEDY 
a) For victims 
b) For people whose content has been unjustly removed 
c) Adequacy of the right to redress and remedy 
IV PURPOSES AND DRIVERS OF CONTENT MODERATION
1. CONTENT MODERATION AND BUSINESS INTERESTS
Problematic content exacerbated by business models
2. Content moderation for public policy reasons
a) Content that is illegal everywhere, regardless of context 
b) Illegal content that is part of a wider crime
c) Content that is not necessarily part of a wider offence
d) Legal content that is illegal primarily due to its context 
e) Content that is illegal primarily due to its intent
f) Content that is potentially harmful but not necessarily illegal 
g) Content that raises political concerns
3 Conclusion
V. STRUCTURES FOR CONTENT MODERATION
1. SELF-REGULATION
2. CO-REGULATION
3. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL APPROACHES
VI. TRANSPARENCY
WHY TRANSPARENCY IS ESSENTIAL
To ensure restrictions are necessary and proportionate 
To ensure non-discrimination
To ensure accountability of stakeholders (such as states)
Identification of transparency data 
Recognising the positive and negative incentives created by transparency metrics 
Trusted flaggers
VII. KEY PRINCIPLES FOR A HUMAN RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH TO CONTENT MODERATION 
1. Transparency
2. Human rights by default
3. Problem identification and targets
4. Meaningful decentralisation
5. Communication with the user
a) Clarity and accessibility of terms of service 
b) Clarity on communication with users 
6. High level administrative safeguards 
a) Clear legal and operational framework
b) Supervision to ensure human rights compliance
c) Evaluation and mitigation of “gaming” of complaints mechanisms
d) Ensuring consistency and independence of review mechanisms 
e) Recognising the human challenges of human content moderation
f) Ensuring protection of privacy and data protection
g) Victim redress 
7. Addressing the peculiarities of self- and co-regulation in relation to content moderation