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Where learners meet history: reaffirming the role of history education in the 21st century (2026)

Teaching History
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History education: a cornerstone of democratic culture, intercultural dialogue and respect for human rights

As part of the intergovernmental programme on history education, the Education Department of the Council of Europe has launched a series of forums on key topics concerning history in the first quarter of the 21st century. The fourth forum was entitled “Where learners meet history: reaffirming the role of history education in the 21st century” and took place at the European Youth Centre Budapest in June 2025.

Discussions centered on the role of learners, examining the spaces and conditions in which they engage with history as well as the challenges they face. Participants explored a diverse range of topics, including textbooks and other educational resources, museum learning, digital literacy, archives and artificial intelligence. Keynote contributions addressed the distortion of historical narratives and the spread of disinformation in the context of a resurgence of nationalism and extremism, as well as the obligations of states and public authorities to protect and promote academic freedom, international co-operation and multiperspectival approaches to history education.

As we look forward into the 21st century, along with the challenges and opportunities it brings for Europe and the world, the forum reaffirmed history teaching and learning as an integral cornerstone of democracy, human rights and the rule of law. The present report is a testament to the enduring importance of history education for fostering peace and mutual understanding in Europe.
INTRODUCTION 
REPORT OF THE GENERAL RAPPORTEUR 
Between use and misuse: history, memory and civic responsibility 
Teaching history online: reliability, relevance and media literacy 
Museums and history education in the digital age: challenges and opportunities 
History textbooks in the digital era: balancing stability and innovation 
Teaching history through archives: digital access and democratic participation 
Social media and AI: impact on learners and history education 
Chatbots and AI in history education 
Ethical and practical challenges for history education in the 21st century 
Conclusion 
Recommendations 
OPENING KEYNOTE: REAFFIRMING THE ROLE OF HISTORY EDUCATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY 
History is meaning-making 
Including societal values 
What is important to learn? 
Conclusion 
References 
WHERE AND HOW DO STUDENTS MEET HISTORY? A TEACHER’S PERSPECTIVE 
WHERE AND HOW DO STUDENTS MEET HISTORY? A LEARNER’S PERSPECTIVE 
Introduction 
The modern landscape of historical encounters 
The challenge: whose history gets told? 
The opportunity: history as a democratic practice 
A call for systemic change 
WAR IN COURT: A PROJECT OF THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE NETHERLANDS 
The War in Court project: aims and challenges 
Current and future perspectives 
THREE-POINT PROBLEM: ON THE ROLE OF GENERATIVE AI IN HISTORY EDUCATION AND MEMORY 
References 
STATE OBLIGATIONS IN THE FIELD OF HISTORY EDUCATION 
Introduction 
The state obligation to respect 
The state obligation to protect 
The state obligation to promote 
The state obligation to make reparation 
The state obligation to prevent 
Conclusion 
THE ILLIBERAL TURN IN HISTORY TEACHING: MECHANISMS AND AGENTS OF THE TRANSFORMATION 
Introduction 
Characteristics of the illiberal transformation 
Mechanisms of implementation: how does the illiberal turn happen? 
Conclusion 
Further reading 
MULTIPERSPECTIVITY IN REMEMBRANCE AND HISTORY EDUCATION FOR DEMOCRATIC CITIZENSHIP 
Introduction: history education for democratic citizenship 
Key themes and challenges 
Bridging formal and non-formal education 
Case study: Spain and Navarra 
Multiperspective history education 
Recommendations and future directions 
Conclusion 
APPENDIX 1 – FORUM PROGRAMME 
APPENDIX 2 – LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

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