ABBREVIATIONS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I – INTRODUCTION
1. Aims of the thematic paper
2. Sources and methodology
3. Legal framework and terminology
4. International protection: a contemporary snapshot
5. Turning to temporariness
6. Spotlight on Syrian refugees
II – INTERNATIONAL LAW
1. Interpreting the Refugee Convention (CSR51)
2. The end of refugeehood: cessation and solutions
a. Article 34 of the CSR51 – The obligation to facilitate refugee “assimilation and naturalization”
b. Cessation under Article 1C(1)-(4) of the CSR51 – voluntary acts of the refugee
c. Cessation under Article 1C(5) and 1C(6) of the CSR51– the ceased circumstances clauses
d. The “compelling reasons proviso”
3. Articles 32 and 33(2) of the CSR51 – Expulsion and non-refoulement
4. International human rights law
a. Non-refoulement
b. Prohibition of collective expulsion of non-nationals
c. Protection of private and family life
d. Non-discrimination
e. Children’s rights
III – EUROPEAN UNION (EU) LAW
1. The withdrawal of refugee status and subsidiary protection
a. Criteria and grounds
b. Process and safeguards
2. The end of temporary protection
3. Deportation, voluntary return and security of status
IV – EXAMPLES OF NATIONAL LAW AND PRACTICE
1. Statistical overview
2. National provisions on protection statuses, cessation and return
a. Austria
b. Germany
c. Greece
d. Italy
e. Ireland
f. Sweden
g. Switzerland
h. Türkiye
i. United Kingdom
V – KEY HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES
1. Security of protection status
a. Security of status as a refugee and human right
b. Respecting the cessation clauses
c. Limitation of national security grounds
2. Non-discrimination
3. Access to effective nationality
4. Safe and sustainable returns
a. Respecting the principle of non-refoulement
b. Avoiding collective and discriminatory expulsions
c. Avoiding coercion and enabling voluntary return with agency and dignity
VI – RECOMMENDATIONS APPENDIX 1 – STATISTICS ON WITHDRAWAL OF REFUGEE STATUS APPENDIX 2 – STATISTICS ON RETURNS TO COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN
